1.
State what is meant by the standard model.
[1 mark]
- quarks, leptons, exchange bosons
JD SCIENCE
Particles and radiation
Indicative marking points. Award marks for equivalent scientific or mathematical wording. Do not issue this sheet with the student worksheet.
2.
State what is meant by a hadron.
[1 mark]
- made of quarks, feels the strong force
3.
State what is meant by the photoelectric effect.
[1 mark]
- electrons emitted if f > f₀
4.
State what is meant by wave-particle duality.
[1 mark]
- electrons show diffraction
5.
State what is meant by annihilation.
[1 mark]
- particle + antiparticle → photons
6.
State what is meant by pair production.
[1 mark]
- a photon → particle + antiparticle
7.
State what is meant by the electronvolt.
[1 mark]
- 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J
8.
State what is meant by a Feynman diagram.
[1 mark]
- shows exchange particles
9.
State what is meant by beta-minus decay.
[1 mark]
- neutron → proton + e⁻ + antineutrino
10.
State what is meant by specific charge.
[1 mark]
- charge/mass
11.
Amira is asked about the standard model in a AQA Physics paper.
(a) [2 marks]
- up down strange; electron, neutrino
(b) [3 marks]
- charge must be conserved
12.
Amira is asked about a hadron in a AQA Physics paper.
(a) [2 marks]
- baryons 3 quarks, mesons quark+antiquark
(b) [3 marks]
- proton is uud
13.
Amira is asked about the photoelectric effect in a AQA Physics paper.
(a) [2 marks]
- hf = φ + Ek max
(b) [3 marks]
- evidence for photons
14.
Amira is asked about wave-particle duality in a AQA Physics paper.
(a) [2 marks]
- de Broglie λ = h/p
(b) [3 marks]
- particles have wave nature
15.
Amira is asked about annihilation in a AQA Physics paper.
(a) [2 marks]
- energy 2mc² minimum
(b) [3 marks]
- PET scanners
16.
Amira is asked about pair production in a AQA Physics paper.
(a) [2 marks]
- near a nucleus
(b) [3 marks]
- hf ≥ 2mc²
17.
E = hf. f=5.0×10¹⁴, h=6.63×10⁻³⁴
[3 marks]
- Final answer: 3.32 × 10⁻¹⁹ J
18.
φ = 2.0 eV. f₀ = φ/h
[3 marks]
- Final answer: 4.8 × 10¹⁴ Hz
19.
λ = h/mv. m=9.1×10⁻³¹, v=2.0×10⁶
[3 marks]
- Final answer: 0.36 nm order
20.
2mc² for electron (0.511 MeV)
[3 marks]
- Final answer: 1.022 MeV
21.
Quark composition of a neutron
[3 marks]
- Final answer: udd
22.
Charge of a uud proton in e
[3 marks]
- Final answer: +1
23.
Amira carries out a AQA-style required practical linked to particles and radiation. This is a typical AQA required-practical style question.
(a) [2 marks]
- Independent: the independent variable for this topic
- Dependent: the measured outcome
(b) [2 marks]
- keep all other variables constant
- so the test is fair / only one variable is changed
(c) [2 marks]
- repeat and calculate a mean / use a tighter method
24.
Amira carries out collecting valid data for particles and radiation. This is a typical AQA required-practical style question.
(a) [2 marks]
- Independent: a chosen factor
- Dependent: a quantitative measurement
(b) [2 marks]
- calibrated instrument
- so the test is fair / only one variable is changed
(c) [2 marks]
- systematic error from zero error
25.
Amira carries out drawing a graph for particles and radiation. This is a typical AQA required-practical style question.
(a) [2 marks]
- Independent: x-variable
- Dependent: y-variable
(b) [2 marks]
- same scale / same apparatus
- so the test is fair / only one variable is changed
(c) [2 marks]
- not drawing a line of best fit through the trend
26.
Amira carries out evaluating a method about particles and radiation. This is a typical AQA required-practical style question.
(a) [2 marks]
- Independent: method change
- Dependent: precision / accuracy
(b) [2 marks]
- same sample size
- so the test is fair / only one variable is changed
(c) [2 marks]
- too few repeats
27.
Compare the standard model with a hadron.
[4 marks]
- quarks, leptons, exchange bosons
- made of quarks, feels the strong force
- give one linked difference
28.
Compare a hadron with the photoelectric effect.
[4 marks]
- made of quarks, feels the strong force
- electrons emitted if f > f₀
- give one linked difference
29.
Compare the photoelectric effect with wave-particle duality.
[4 marks]
- electrons emitted if f > f₀
- electrons show diffraction
- give one linked difference
30.
Compare wave-particle duality with annihilation.
[4 marks]
- electrons show diffraction
- particle + antiparticle → photons
- give one linked difference
31.
Apply your knowledge of the electronvolt to this situation: convenient energy unit
[3 marks]
- convenient energy unit
32.
Apply your knowledge of a Feynman diagram to this situation: EM: virtual photon; weak: W±
[3 marks]
- EM: virtual photon; weak: W±